Kicking a ball:

The kicking action runs the knee/hip servos at full speed, instead of slow smoothly interpolated sweeps like used in walking/ leaning

E.g.
CODE: SELECT ALL
Servo.hip = 90
Servo.hip= 140

vs

CODE: SELECT ALL
For sweep in range (90, 140):
Servo.hip = sweep
time.sleep (0.1)

Here’s a quick vid of it falling over when the battery pack detached, causing it to lose balance:

Bot balancing without gyros … for a few seconds at least

No gyros, no accelerometers – only a sonar ranger and lots of code.

The motors used are standard servos modified for continuous rotation, sonar sensor is a HC-SR04 as detailed in a previous post

Code ? Well here’s a simplified portion of the PID loop:

int Drive = 0; // PWM value sent to Servos
int Error[5]; // array of 5 Error elements
int P = 0; // proportional term
int I = 0; // integral term
int D = 0; // derivative term

#define Current 0
#define Sum 1
#define Last 2
#define SecondToLast 3
#define Delta 4

int PID() {
Error[Current] = SetPoint – Ptime;
P = Error[Current] * Kp;
Error[Sum] = Error[Current] + Error[Last] + Error[SecondToLast];
I = Error[Sum] * Ki;
Error[Delta] = Error[Current] – Error[Last];
D = Error[Delta] * Kd;
Drive = P + I + D;
Error[SecondToLast] = Error[Last];
Error[Last] = Error[Current];

return Drive;
}

Using an ultrasonic sonar ranger to avoid walls – and people’s feet – before hitting them:

At first I was getting plenty of false readings, so here’s the first run, pausing and verifying before turning:

With faster code, and not stopping:

Improved accuracy, so it detects smaller objects like feet:

Hooked an SR04 ultrasonic sensor to my arduino board – robot eyes !

Ranger sensor uses sonar to give accurate distance measurement to objects or obstacles placed in front of it. They’re surprisingly sensitive / accurate – I was able to reliably measure to a millimeter at 15cm range.

These sensors are also now VERY cheap £2.37 (4$) delivered from HK, and accurate to a few mm.

Added a servo for visual feedback:

Arduino code is basically sending a trigger on one pin, receiving a timing value on another,
which can then be converted into a distance:

pinMode(TP,OUTPUT);
pinMode(EP,INPUT);
Trig_pin=TP;
Echo_pin=EP;

digitalWrite(Trig_pin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(Trig_pin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(Trig_pin, LOW);
duration = pulseIn(Echo_pin,HIGH);